Which of the following expenditures is most likely to be deductible for a construction business?Â

a. A fine for a zoning violation.
b. A tax underpayment penalty.
c. An "under the table" payment to a government representative to obtain a better price for raw materials.
d. A payment to a foreign official to expedite an application for a business permit.
e. An arm's length payment to a related party for emergency repairs of a sewage line.