Judgment for all plaintiffs: Basic Books, Harper & Row, John Wiley & Sons, McGraw-Hill, Penguin Books, Prentice Hall, Richard D. Irwin, and William Morrow. Coined as an ""equitable rule of reason,"" the fair use doctrine has existed for as long as the copyright law. It was codified in Section 107 of the Copyright Act of 1976, Article 17 of the United States Code. The Section reads in its entirety: Notwithstanding the provisions of Section 106, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include—
(1) the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
(2) the nature of the copyrighted work;
(3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
(4) the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.

The use of the Kinko's packets, in the hands of the students, was no doubt educational. However, the use in the hands of Kinko's employees is commercial. Kinko's claims that its copying was educational and, therefore, qualifies as a fair use. Kinko's fails to persuade us of this distinction.

Kinko's has not disputed that it receives a profit component from the revenue it collects for its anthologies. The amount of that profit is unclear; however, we need only find that Kinko's had the intention of making profits. Its Professor Publishing promotional materials clearly indicate that Kinko's recognized and sought a segment of a profitable market, admitting that ""[t]remendous sales and profit potential arise from this program."" In 1996, the Sixth Circuit held that (1) a copy shop's preparation of course packs was not fair use; (2) infringement was not willful, for purposes of awarding statutory damages; and (3) injunction prohibiting infringement could extend to future copyrighted works.
Considering the information provided, which of the following statements accurately reflects the court's decision regarding Kinko's use of copyrighted material and the fair use doctrine?
a) The court ruled in favor of Kinko's, stating that their copying was purely educational and fell under the fair use doctrine.
b) The court rejected Kinko's claim of fair use, emphasizing that the use by Kinko's employees was commercial and profit-oriented.
c) Kinko's was found guilty of willful infringement, leading to statutory damages and a broad injunction against future copyrighted works.
d) The court, acknowledging Kinko's profit component, suggested a compromise allowing limited use under fair use for educational purposes.