The Fourteenth Amendment also said that a state could not pass laws to take away an American citizen's "life, liberty, or property" without a trial or other lawful process. Radical Republicans and freed people hoped this amendment would protect freed people's rights by stopping state laws such as the Black Codes. However, the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment did not mean that freed people's rights were always protected. Which of the following conditions made the amendment ineffective at protecting freed people's rights?