The Supreme Court affirmed strong presidential authority in dealing with other nations in the case of ___________ by pointing to the "exclusive power of the president as the sole organ of the federal government in the field of international relations-a power which does not require as a basis for its exercise an act of Congress, but which, of course, like every other governmental power, must be exercised in subordination to the applicable provisions of the Constitution."

Curtiss-Wright was the first decision to maintain the President's plenary power as being independent of Congressional permission, it is continually applauded with providing the legal precedent for further expansions of executive power in the foreign sphere.

United States v. Curtiss-wright Export Corp. (1936 was a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court concerning the foreign affairs powers of the President of the United Statesby pointing to the "exclusive power" of the president as the sole organ of the federal government in the field of international relations-a power which does not require as a basis for its exercise an act of Congress, but which, of course, like every other governmental power, must be exercised in subordination to the applicable provisions of the Constitution."