Learning psychologist Edward Tolman wanted to determine if mice learned a maze through trial and error or if the developed a "cognitive map" of the maze. Tolman placed a rat in the center of a circular space with 4 alternative corridors. If the rats were truly "guessing" a path, they should try each corridor an equal number of times. However, if the rats were developing a cognitive map, they should go down the far-right corridor more frequently than the others and go directly to the cheese.





Original Right

Observed 8 12

Expected 16 16



A. What are the null and alternative hypotheses?

B. Perform the analysis manually or using Excel or r.

C. Why is a Chi-Square called goodness of fit rather than a hypothesis test

D. What did Tolman find?

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