The formal charge of an atom is the charge that has been assigned to the atom. Carbon 1 and carbon 2 both have a charge of +4, H has a charge of +1, and O is computed as -1=4+3+4+2x, where -1 is the charge of CH3COO and x is the charge of each O atom. The charge of the O atom is -6.
PH buffers are specific solutions that avoid excessive pH changes. Each pH level created has its own buffer capacity and buffer range. The buffer's capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be supplied before the pH changes significantly. It can alternatively be defined as the amount of strong acid or base required to change the pH of a litre of solution by one pH unit. The pH range in which a buffer may efficiently neutralise additional acids and bases while maintaining a constant pH is referred to as the buffer range. This is crucial for processes or reactions that require precise and stable pH ranges.
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