The largest effort at institution building before the Civil War came in the movement to establish common schools—that is, tax-supported state school systems open to all children.
The NAACP's legal campaign against segregated education culminated in the landmark Brown v. Board of Education decision of the United States Supreme Court in 1954.
African Americans gained the formal, if not practical, right to attend primary and secondary school alongside their white peers. The decision fueled a tenacious, violent resistance, during which Southern states used a variety of strategies to avoid the law.
The Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott, led by Martin Luther King, Jr.
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