The ancient remains of several human bodies have been discovered and legally need to be returned to the tribe that contains the closest descendents. You have been called as a witness in the resulting legal case to give your opinion. The jury is confused about the analysis you have done. Could you please explain it to them again? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used. ResetHelp restriction map DNA extraction compared the sample to modern DNA samples DNA fingerprint VNTRs gel electrophoresis hybridization to a probe Southern blot polymerase chain reaction chromosome walking restriction enzymes controls 1. After obtaining the samples (preserved bone and muscle fragments), I conducted a ___. 2. Because I suspected the ancient DNA would be degraded, I pretreated it with random primers and the Klenow fragment (a procedure found to help repair damage and aid amplification) and amplified the DNA using . 3. To make sure that the DNA I analyzed was indeed from the ancient sample, during these procedures, I used both positive and negative . 4. Following amplification, I used to cut out the DNA fragments with the genes I wanted to study. 5. Then I used _to separate the DNA fragments. 6. I performed a _, in which I transferred the DNA onto a filter and then incubated the filter with a radiolabeled DNA sequence complementary to the gene I was interested in. 7. This final step with the radiolabeled DNA sequence is called_ . I can repeat this step for multiple genes. 8. I used several highly variable loci to create a specific . 9. Finally, I_____ in order to determine the group most closely related to the individual who the sample was taken from.

2. Because I suspected the ancient DNA would be degraded, I pretreated it with random primers and the Klenow fragment (a procedure found to help repair damage and aid amplification) and amplified the DNA using polymerase chain reaction.

3. To make sure that the DNA I analyzed was indeed from the ancient sample, during these procedures, I used both positive and negative controls.

4. Following amplification, I used restriction enzymes to cut out the DNA fragments with the genes I wanted to study.

5. Then I used gel electrophoresis to separate the DNA fragments.

6. I performed a Southern blot, in which I transferred the DNA onto a filter and then incubated the filter with a radiolabeled DNA sequence complementary to the gene I was interested in.

7. This final step with the radiolabeled DNA sequence is called hybridization to a probe. I can repeat this step for multiple genes.

8. I used several highly variable loci to create a specific DNA fingerprint.

9. Finally, I compared the sample to modern DNA samples in order to determine the group most closely related to the individual who the sample was taken from.

DNA is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around one another to form a double helix. The polymer contains genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known organisms and viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid are examples of nucleic acids.

DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes within eukaryotic cells. Prior to typical cell division, these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing a complete set of chromosomes for each daughter cell. The majority of DNA in eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) is stored in the cell nucleus as nuclear DNA, with some stored in mitochondria as mitochondrial DNA or chloroplasts as chloroplast DNA.

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