The reason why a capability-based system provides greater flexibility than a ring-protection scheme in enforcing protection policies is that: The ring-based protection mechanism necessitates that the modules be organized strictly hierarchically. It also enforces the restriction that system programs in internal rings cannot call external-ring actions.
In general, a capability-based operating system is one that employs capability-based security. Hydra is one example. Fuchsia Control Program Facility KeyKOS EROS CapROS Midori seL4 Genode
The constraint in the Ring-Based Protection system restricts the code's flexibility and is needlessly restrictive. Hydra's capability architecture not only allows for unstructured interactions between modules but also for the dynamic creation of new modules as needed.
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