Happy Lion Manufacturing Inc. is considering issuing a new 25-year debt issue that would pay an annual coupon payment of $90. Each bond in the issue would carry a $1,000 par value and would be expected to be sold for a price equal to its par value. Happy Lion's CFO has pointed out that the firm would incur a flotation cost of 2% when initially issuing the bond issue. Remember, the flotation costs will be subtracted from the proceeds the firm will receive after issuing its new bonds. The firm's marginal federal-plus-state tax rate is 35%. To see the effect of flotation costs on Happy Lion's after-tax cost of debt (generic), calculate the after-tax cost of the firm's debt issue with and without its flotation costs, and select the correct after-tax costs from the following boxes. After-tax cost of debt without flotation cost: After-tax cost of debt with flotation cost: This is the cost of new debt, and it is different from the average cost of capital raised in the past.

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Average cost strongly influences how businesses decide to price their goods. Sales of specific commodities by businesses are directly correlated with the size of the relevant market and the strategies

adopted by competitors. With cost on the vertical axis and quantity on the horizontal axis, an average cost curve may be drawn. These graphs frequently include display marginal costs, which are the costs of the last unit produced at each point and, in the short run, indicate the slope of the variable cost curve (and hence the first derivative of variable cost). Because fixed costs are all incurred prior to any production, and marginal costs are only incurred as production proceeds, the average cost curve typically has a U-shape.

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