According to David Parker and Alison Mobey's study of project managers: there was a low understanding of the tools and benefits of a structured analysis of project risks. work is oriented toward continuous improvement of existing processes over longer periods of time. most managers focused on the work processes of the operation in order to manage risk. most managers are risk averse and prefer to be optimistic and not consider risks or to avoid taking risks whenever possible. managers are long-term focused and process oriented

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Answer:

The answer is "First choice"

Explanation:

According to David Parker and Alison Money's Project Leader study, a systematic risk assessment has already shown a shallow grasp of the tools and benefits.  One reason that was found in their phenomenologic analysis of the project leaders by David Parker and Alison Mobey2 is that they've had no understanding of the tools and benefits of formal project risk analysis. The lack of formal instruments for risk management is seen by many as an obstacle to the implementation of a risk management program.