In order to construct a valid criticism, it is important to research data on the subject and analyse it for reliability (Option c).
Assessing construct validity is especially important when you're researching something that can't be measured or observed directly, such as intelligence, self-confidence, or happiness. You need multiple observable or measurable indicators to measure those constructs
Construct validity concerns the identification of the causes, effects, settings, and participants that are present in a study. For example, a medication might have an effect not because its putative active ingredients are absorbed into the bloodstream but because of its placebo effects.
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